Such abuse inflicts sexual, physical, or mental harm, and can take the form of threats, coercion, sexual assault, intimate partner violence, or honor killings. Unequal power relations create the conditions for gender-based violence to occur, and it can be perpetrated or condoned by relatives, community members, or government actors. Though men and boys can also suffer from sexual assault, the majority of victims are women and girls, who tend to be the most vulnerable. Gender-based violence is defined as “violence that is directed against a person on the basis of gender or sex,” according to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Along some migrant routes, half or more of women surveyed reported experiencing sexual assault during the journey, and many take birth control to avoid becoming pregnant from rape. Setting off on the journey is no guarantee of safety many are vulnerable to gender-based abuse in transit and even at destination. While many escape conflict zones or generalized human-rights abuses, some also run from more intimate forms of violence-namely, sexual and domestic violence perpetrated by men. Each year, countless women and children flee violence at home and take an uncertain journey in the hope of finding safety in a new country.
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